Introduction: The development and empowerment of any society depend on the sound health conditions of the individuals living in that society. In fact, the two factors of health and development are interrelated in a sense that the existence of one gives rise to the other. That is why the present study aims at assessing some physical health indexes among secondary-school male students ranging from twelve to fourteen years old in Gachsaran, Iran. The study was carried out during the academic year of 2009-2010. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive research study. The variables assessed in this study include:  physical growth like height and weight, health status of vision, hearing, mouth and tooth, as well as that of the vertebral column. For the purpose of this study, 1000 boys with the age range of twelve to fourteen years old, i.e. from the first to the third grade of secondary high school, were randomly selected for the assessment. The selection was based on multistage sampling. The instruments used for data collection include a questionnaire and observation record sheets. As for the physical examinations, several instruments were utilized as follows: measuring tape, weighing scale, Snellen chart, tuning fork, flashlight, spatulas and disposable gloves.Results: Regarding the assessment of physical growth, the median values for weights and heights of the subjects in all age groups were lower than the median point of NCHS. Generally, the weight of 4.6% of the students was below the third percentile of the NCHS chart, 29.2%, fell between the third and the fiftieth percentiles, 54.3% between the fiftieth and the ninety seventh percentiles and 11.9% of their weight was found to be higher than the ninety seventh percentile of the NCHS chart. As for the findings related to the height, 3.2% of the students were shorter than the third percentile of the NCHS charts, 32.6%, fell between the third and fiftieth percentiles, 52.3% between the fiftieth and ninety seventh percentiles and 11.9% were taller than the ninety seventh percentile of the NCHS chart. The results of assessing visual conditions show that 25.8% of the students with glasses had at least one eye with less than 0.9 visual acuity. Regarding the hearing status, the findings show that 8.4% of the students subjected to whisper test were found to have hearing loss in either one or both ears. In relation to health status of teeth, the findings indicated that 72% of the students participating in the present study had decayed permanent teeth. Concerning the vertebral column, the results indicate that 6.8%, 2.4% and 3.9% of the students in this research had scoliosis, lordosis and kiphosis, respectively. As for demographic specifications, it was found that there was a significant correlation between DMFT index and the fathers’ education as well as the number of children in the familyConclusion: The results of the present study show the importance of paying more attention to students’ dental health, nutrition, physical education and health status of visual, hearing and skeletal systems.

Gender socialization, as one of the most basic types of socialization, affects a person's individual and social life, including the stability of his or her marital life. The aim of this study was to explain the relationship between gender socialization and divorce between 178 divorced women and 222 women with emotional divorce, which was conducted by survey method in Bandar Abbas. This study used biological and social theories to explain gender socialization and theories of structural functionalism and the love triangle to explain divorce. In the present study, simple and stratified random sampling proportional to volume was used for women with emotional divorce and chain sampling was used for divorced women. Questionnaire data were collected through interviews and face validity was confirmed through literature review and expert judgment, structural validity was confirmed by factor analysis and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that gender socialization of 29.4% of divorced women and 70.6% of women with emotional divorce is traditional, and on the other hand 60.2% of divorced women and 39.8% of women with emotional divorce, Had a modern gender socialization. According to the results of Chi-square test, there is a significant relationship between the type of gender socialization of women, gender values, gender inequality and power relations with the type of divorce. Accordingly, women with emotional divorce have a more traditional outlook than divorced women.

Introduction: occupation includes daily tasks and purposeful activities in which we are involved because of peculiar personal meanings and values they have to each of us. These activities can be influenced by cultural backgrounds, certain interests or those aspects of life considered to be meaningful by an individual. The concept of occupation is central to occupational therapy since it has been developed on the basis of the idea that occupation can be used as a therapeutic method. In addition to the fact that occupation has a complex structure, it includes many complex concepts. Due to various definitions attributed to the term, it seems occupational therapists need a comprehensive definition of occupation that can be used to specify their role in rehabilitation teams and to define occupational therapy services.Materials and Methods: A phenomenological method was adopted in this study because its main goal was to achieve a comprehensive definition of occupation. In the first stage, all definitions were gathered and then an integrated definition was developed that encompassed all aspects. That definition was summarized by of a group of expert occupational therapists and then data gathered through Delphi method. A detailed explanation of all these steps will be presented in this article.Results: occupation contains widespread concepts. According to participant's comments, purposefulness and meaningfulness are two main concepts in definition of occupation. We should concern the act of doing or occupational performance and also the context of doing in occupation definition.Conclusion: According to the established definition of the term in this study, occupation has such features as purposefulness and meaningfulness. occupation results from collaboration between developmental structure and occupational form and can be described as a physical or mental performance evident in areas such as activities of daily living, sleep and rest, education, play and leisure, social participation, or combination of these areas. Compared to other definitions, this definition is more comprehensive and objective and includes all main concepts. So, occupational therapists can use this definition for describing occupational therapy services and specifying their role in team work and determining their position relative to other members of rehabilitation team.

Introduction: Changes in living conditions in modern times have led to the continuously evolving needs of people, especially students at institutions of higher education. Different needs require appropriate guidance and counseling, and improving counseling services for students necessitates assessing their problems and demands. This study aimed to investigate the guidance and counseling needs of students at Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study from 2020-2022, 598 students of Semnan University of Medical Sciences (Semnan, Iran) were selected using a multi-stage method. The data collection tool was a 34-item questionnaire assessing students' guidance and counseling needs across five domains: personal growth and development, career needs, educational needs, family and marriage, and emotional/psychological needs. students specified their level of need for each item as "need it very much" (4), "need it to some extent" (3), "need it a little" (2) or "don't need it" (1). Results: Career counseling and personal growth and development were identified as the most essential counseling needs for students. These two areas were the most necessary across both genders, educational levels, faculties, and marital statuses. The most important specific needs were "focusing the senses" for personal growth and development, "familiarity with job opportunities" for career needs, "time management" for educational needs, "dealing with life problems" for family/marital needs, and "coping with life stress" for emotional/psychological needs. Conclusion: The findings showed career counseling and personal growth and development needs as the foremost counseling needs for students. Thus, implementing extracurricular workshops by experienced professors in specialized fields could address these requirements and reduce student concerns. While facilitating academic progress, such training prepares students for post-graduation roles in society.

BACKGROUND: There is not much information about high‑, risk behaviors in young groups, especially students. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of high‑, risk behaviors in students of universities of medical sciences in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, by network scale‑, up (NSU) method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑, sectional study was performed on 450 students from the universities of medical sciences. A researcher‑, developed checklist was used to collect the data. We considered number 16 for the social network size of students according to a previous study. Based on the response of individuals to each of the high‑, risk behaviors (including cigarette smoking, hookah use, opium consumption, alcohol drinking, tramadol/ecstasy taking, and extramarital sex) in their social network, the prevalence of these behaviors was estimated. The required calculations were performed using the NSU method. Furthermore, 95% uncertainty interval (UI) was calculated using the bootstrap method. RESULTS: Totally, 196 (44%) participants were male. The mean age (standard deviation) of the participants was 22 ±,2 years. Results showed that hookah use (20% 95% UI [18. 9–, 21. 1]) and opium consumption (0. 4% 95% UI [0. 24–, 0. 6]) had the highest and lowest frequencies, respectively. Cigarette smoking (17% 95% UI [15. 8–, 18]), alcohol use (8. 3% 95% UI [7. 5–, 9. 1]), extramarital sex (8. 2% 95% UI [7. 4–, 9]), and tramadol/ecstasy taking (4% 95% UI [6. 4–, 4. 6]) were the next most common high‑, risk behaviors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Given that hookah use and cigarette smoking are the most common high‑, risk behaviors in students, especially males, appropriate cultural activities and educational programs should be employed by relevant authorities to reduce these behaviors.

Training specialized human resource, their employment and using their proficiency, are the main concern of higher educational system. But sometimes there is not balance between the number of alumnus and their suitable job or alumnus aren’ t trained as it should be. so, it’ s universities’ duty to follow up and explore their educational adequacy and quality. This article assessed the situation of alumnus of Linguistics educational group of Ferdowsi university of Mashhad during a decade (2007-2017). For the first step, employed alumnus was detected, then for telephone interview, 30 persons were selected among them by accident. In addition, a researcher made questionnaire was used to survey the professors of Linguistics department of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Based on the results 83 percent of alumnus had job. This result put Linguistics educational group in a good situation among other fields of study. Most of the people had chosen their major consciously. There wasn’ t a meaningful difference between sex of participants and the amount of employment. Relation between job and field of study was 80 percent, but relation between subjects of theses and employment was 33 and just 53 percent of participants declared that their jobs are in accordance with the content of their subjects. Results of professors’ questionnaire showed that they are not pleasant with the current situation and believe that it is necessary to have some changes in taking students. Organizing students’ theses in more practical issues, is so essential too.

Introduction: Pregnant employees demand special attention from their employers and themselves. In this study, the focus is on the interaction between pregnancy and occupation.Methods: This study was a review article. Authentic articles, sites and books on occupational medicine, fitness for work and obstetrics were used. This study consisted of different parts including: definition of terms, the importance of issue of pregnancy in employees, pregnancy changes that affect fitness to work, some special considerations, prescription of occupational specialist during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and postnatal issues.Results: The workplace hazards to the pregnant employees were factors that were harmful to the health or safety of the mother and/or fetus. These hazards included: physical, chemical, biologic, psychologic and ergonomic-hazard. Pregnancy made changes in fitness of pregnant employees. After delivery attention to the mothers was required, too.Conclusion: After identifying the risks at each workplace, appropriate methods of control could be used. Control of these routine hazards, and vaccinations, were the duties of the occupational physician for pregnant employees.

Background: occupation trauma is a social and economic problem which industrialization in developing countries has increased its prevalence. This study was designed to assess the distribution of occupation – related ocular trauma in Esfahan. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all first time referrals to eye emergency department in Feiz Hospital who suffered from occupation-related trauma were evaluated using questionnaire designed according to United State Eye Injury Registry. Results: A total of 450 (27.9%) out of 1610 patients, consisting 447 male (99.3%) and 3 female (0.7%) who referred to Feiz Hospital had occupational-related trauma and their mean age was 30.4 (15-62) years old. A total of 202 patients (44.9%) were 21-30 years old. The level of education in 162 (36%) subjects was junior high-school and 110 of them (24.4%) were arc-welders. Metallic foreign body injured 70.2% of patients and in 62.2% of subjects, corneal foreign body was the most common injury. Only 19.6% of the patients used protective goggles and 15.1% (68) of them had been receiving educational instructions for eye healthcare and safety strategies. At the end of the treatment, visual acuity of 12 (2.8%) subjects was significantly decreased. Conclusion: occupation–related ocular trauma was a very prevalent eye injury in Esfahan. Metallic foreign body was the most common causative agent and corneal injury was also the most common form of ocular injury. Thus convincing workers to use protective goggles and giving education about correct way of using them is an effective step to prevent ocular injuries.